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Mindanao ( ) is the second largest and southernmost major island in the Philippines. It is also the name of one of the three island groups in the country (the other two being Luzon and the Visayas), consisting of the island of Mindanao and smaller outlying islands. Davao City is the largest city in Mindanao. As of the 2010 census, the island's population itself is 20,281,545 people, while the Mindanao island group has 21,968,174 inhabitants.〔 Parts of south-western Mindanao island group, particularly the provinces of Maguindanao, Basilan, Lanao del Sur, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi (part of the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)), are home to a sizeable Muslim population, making the island group, along with Palawan, the only area of the Philippines with a significant Muslim presence. Due to widespread poverty and religious differences, the island has seen a communist insurgency as well as armed Moro separatist movements. Mindanao is considered the food basket of the Philippines.〔http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21674840-struggling-violence-and-investment-mindanao-fruits-peace〕 Eight of the top 10 agri-commodities exported from the Philippines come from here. Mindanao is also dubbed with the moniker as ''The Philippines' Land of Promise''. ==History== Mindanao is named after the Maguindanaons who constituted the largest Sultanate historically, and evidence from maps made during the 17th and 18th centuries suggests that the name was used to refer to the island by the powerful natives at the time. Evidence of human occupation dates back tens of thousands of years. In prehistoric times the Negrito people arrived. Sometime around 1500 BC, Austronesian peoples spread throughout the Philippines and far beyond. Native people of the Maluku Islands refer the island as Maluku Besar (Great Moluccas). Mindanao Island is also a sacred home of ''Paramata Bantogen'', ''Mabaning Gandamatu'' and ''Daranda Mabagani'' the Meranaw native people from Kiaranda a Ragat a Tiongcopa Layagen before Islamic Da wah, the largest non-Muslim tribe, and the Subanon Tribe ; the aborigine of the Zamboanga Peninsula’s Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay, Island of Basilan, and northern provinces of Misamis Occidental, Lanao del Norte, and Misamis Oriental. The Subanon are believed to have established themselves on Mindanao Island during the Neolithic Era, or New Stone Age, the period in the development of human technology beginning around 10,000 BC according to the ASPRO chronology (between 4,500 and 2,000 BC).〔Subanon Territories ("The History of Subanon since the Neolithic Era or Stone Age". Retrieved 2013-11-08. )〕 The evidence of old stone tools in Zamboanga del Norte may indicate a late Neolithic presence. Burial jars, both earthen and glazed, as well as Chinese celadons, have been found in caves, together with shell bracelets, beads, and gold ornaments. Many of the ceramic objects are from the Yuan and Ming periods. Evidently, there was a long history of trade between the Subanon and the Chinese long before the latter’s contact with Islam. Islam first spread to the region during the 2nd millennium by Arab traders from present-day Malaysia and Indonesia. Prior to this contact, the inhabitants of the area were primarily animists living in small autonomous communities. Most of the indigenous population of Tausug, Maranao and Maguindanaon were quickly converted to Islam except the elusive Subanon, Talaandig, Higaonon and some other small tribes who resisted and avoided contact with the Arabian Islamic missionaries. The first mosque in the Philippines was built in the mid-14th century in the town of Simunul.〔 The Philippine sultanates of Sulu and Maguindanao were subsequently established in the 15th and 16th centuries, respectively. In the late 16th to early 17th centuries, the first contact with Spain occurred. By this time, Islam was well established in Mindanao and had started influencing groups on the big islands of the Visayas such as Cebu and as far north as Bohol and present-day Manila on the island of Luzon.〔 Manila itself once was Muslim when the Sultanate of Brunei annexed it. Upon the Spaniards' arrival to the Philippines, they were dismayed to find such a strong Muslim presence on the island, having just expelled the Moors from Spain after centuries of fighting under the Reconquista. In fact, the name ''Moros'' (the Spanish word for "Moors") was given to the Muslim inhabitants by the Spanish.〔 Caesarea Caroli was the name given by Villalobos to the island of Mindanao when he reached the sea near it. This was named after Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (and I of Spain). Spain was forced to abandon Zamboanga in Mindanao temporarily and to withdraw its soldiers to Manila in 1662 after the Chinese under Koxinga threatened to invade the Spanish Philippines. After the Spanish–American War, the Americans fought numerous battles against the Moro. At the start of World War II, Japanese forces defeated Gen. William F. Sharp's forces, including Gen. Guy O. Fort's 81st Division, after a battle which started at Malabang, Lanao, on 29 April 1942, and ended near Ganassi, Lanao, on 10 May 1942.〔Childress, C., 2003, "Wendell Fertig's Fictional 'Autobiography': a Critical Review of ''They Fought Alone''", ''Bulletin of the American Historical Collection'', Vol. 31, No. 1 (123)〕 However, guerrilla forces were active until liberation at the conclusion of the Battle of Mindanao. The region is home to most of the country's Muslim or Moro populations, composed of many ethnic groups such as the Maranao and the Tausug, Maguindanaon, Banguingui (users of the ''vinta''), as well as the collective group of indigenous tribes known as the Lumad. The native peoples of Mindanao are the Moro Muslims and the Lumad Animists. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Moro and Lumads controlled an area which now covers 17 of Mindanao’s 24 provinces, but by the 1980 census they constituted less than 6% of the population of Mindanao and Sulu. Heavy migration to Mindanao of Luzon and Visayans, spurred by government-sponsored resettlement programs, turned the indigenous Lumads and Moros into minorities.〔"(Islam and the Politics of Identity )". University of Hawaii – Center for Philippine Studies.〕 The native Moro Muslims and Lumads were supplanted by the first Spanish and American colonization programs, with Christian settlers taking control of key areas and disrupting the Muslim's administrative structures and control over resources. The Americans chose Christian settlers to become officials of settler-populated townships instead of Lumads and Muslims. Due to the activities of the settlers, including logging, the environment has suffered significant damage. Eric S. Casiño wrote on the interaction between the Filipino settlers, the Moro Muslim and Lumad natives and the impact on the environment in his book ''Mindanao Statecraft and Ecology: Moros, Lumads, and Settlers Across the Lowland-highland Continuum''. The Americans started a colonization program on Mindanao for foreign agricultural companies and Filipino Christian settlers against the native Muslims and non-Muslim Lumads of Mindanao, in order to secure the area with a Christian presence and help the American military assert control over the area once it was conquered. Europeans and Japanese were suggested as potential immigrants along with Filipino Christians by the American General Wood. Davao in Mindanao had a large population of Japanese immigrants who acted as a fifth column, welcoming the Japanese invaders during World War II. These Japanese were hated by the Moros and disliked by the Chinese.〔(Curtis 1942 ), p. 4.〕〔(CURTIS 1942 ), p. 4.〕 The Moros were judged as "fully capable of dealing with Japanese fifth columnists and invaders alike."〔("80 Japanese Troop Ships Are Sighted Off Luzon" 1941 ), p. 7.〕 The Moros were to fight the Japanese invaders when they landed at Davao on Mindanao.〔(AP 1941 ), p. 1.〕〔("SITUATION AT DAVAO OBSCURE AS JAPS LAND" 1941 ), p. 2.〕〔("THE JAPS SWARM AT DAVAO BUT THE SITUATION OBSCURE" 1941 ), p. 3.〕〔("Six Japanese Bombers In New Raid On Manila" 1941 ), p. 13.〕〔(THE NEW YORK TIMES 1941 ), p. 1.〕〔("Large Force Is Attacking" 1941 ), p. 58.〕 The Japanese went back to their ships at night to sleep since the Moros struck so much fear into them, even though the Moros were outnumbered by the Japanese.〔(LEE 1942 ), p. 8.〕〔(LEE 1942 ), p. 1.〕〔(LEE 1942 ), p. 7.〕〔(LEE 1942 ), p. 9.〕〔(Lee 1942 ), p. 2.〕〔(Lee 1942 ), p. 25.〕〔(Lee 1942 ), p. 4.〕 90% of Mindanao's people consisted of native Moro Muslims at the start of the 20th century, but the invasion and colonization sponsored by the American and Philippine governments led to Filipino Christian settlers turning into the majority of almost 75% of the population, with the American colonial government helping to kick natives off their land and giving the land titles to Christian colonists. Media compared the American conquest of the west from the Native Americans to the Filipino conquest and settlement of Mindanao from the Muslims, the Philippine government, Philippine military and Filipino militias used extremely violent tactics against natives to support the settlers. The government agencies involved in settlement on Mindanao were the National Land Settlement Administration (NLSA) and subsequently the Land Settlement and Development Corporation (LASEDECO), followed by the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA). The Americans used their control over property and land laws to let American corporations and Filipino Christian settlers take over Lumad and Moro Muslim resources and land and depriving them of self-governance after eliminating the sovereignty of the Moro Sultanates, and ignoring Moro requests for their own independence, with the Philippine government continuing the colonization program after independence leading to a humongous number of Filipino settlers streaming into Moro territories, and this led to Moros making moves for independence and armed struggle against the Philippines. After 1960, the settlement program turned the Moro Muslims into a minority from their previous majority in Mindanao, similar to what happened in the Indonesian Transmigration program where Javanese people where frontier areas are settled with ethnic Madurese and Javanese people. The native Moros became victims to land-grabs by Filipino Christian settlers.〔http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/681384/moro-doctors-try-to-heal-suffering〕〔http://opinion.inquirer.net/83325/historical-truth-and-bangsamoro-autonomy〕 Severe violence between native Muslims and Christian settlers erupted due to the influx of Christian colonists, companies and other entities seeking to exploit new land on Mindanao who engaged in land grabbing. Lumad and Muslim interests were ignored by the state sponsored colonization program led by the National Land Settlement Administration (NLSA) which provided benefits for the colonists and made no consideration for the Muslims. Moro Muslims are just 17% of Mindanao's population, whereas prior to the colonization program initiated by the governments of the Philippines, they had been a massive majority and the colonization and land grabs led to the current violent conflict, with private companies and Filipino colonists from the Visayas and Luzon taking lands from Moro clans with the Philippine government issuing land titles to settlers and ignoring Moro ownership of the land since they declared Moro land as public lands. Massive settlement by Filipino Christian colonists continued after independence was granted and rule passed to Christian Filipinos from the Americans, and land disputes the Christian settlers had with the Muslim and tribal natives broke out in violence; eventually the colonization, along with the Jabidah massacre, led to the formation of the Moro National Liberation Front and Moro armed insurgency against Philippine rule. The Philippine government encouraged Filipino Christian settlers in Mindanao to form militias called Ilaga to fight the Moros. The Ilaga engaged in massacres and atrocities and were responsible for Manili massacre of 65 Moro Muslim civilians in a Mosque on June 1971, including women and children. The Ilaga also engaged in cannibalism, cutting off the body parts of their victims to eat in rituals. The Ilaga settlers were given the sarcastic nickname as an acronym, the "Ilonggo Land Grabbers’ Association".〔http://pcij.org/blog/2015/03/07/ph-souths-separatist-armed-groups〕 The Moros were only incorporated into the Philippines by "conquest and colonization", constituting a separate nation from Filipinos analogous to the experience of Native Americans who violently resisted American conquest.〔http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Opinion&title=should-there-be-a-moro-nation&id=103716〕 The American and Philippine colonization placed Filipino Christian settlers on Muslim lands and resulted in violence. The potential for Moro independence was deliberately targeted by the colonization of Moroland with Christians by the Philippine government since the Moros protested against Mindanao being in the Philippines upon independence in 1946 from the United States. The Muslim South in Mindanao became flooded by Christian colonists supported by the Philippine government and Moros are now 20% of the population, down from 40% in 1976, down from a previous figure of 98%, the Moros objected to being included in the Philippines upon independence from America and rejected the identity of Filipino. After 70 Decades of Settler biased land tenure laws,〔 changing of traditional and cultural places to Roman Catholic Saints names and even names of a General bringing in Settlers,〔General Santos〕 putting the crucifix on top of Mindanao Mountains, formation of religious based Settler militia called Ilaga led by officers of the Philippine Constabulary, connivance of Philippine Armed Forces with the Ilaga as a tool for counter insurgency resulted in full blown Insurgency led mostly by the Moro, Lumads and few impoverished Settlers. Cycles of displacement that have affected Central Mindanao for several decades have peaked during the first decade of the 20th Century. After decades of “low intensity conflict” in Maguindanao between 1976 and 2000, President Estrada’s “All Out War” strategy declared in 2000 led to the displacement of more than 930,000 individuals. The decade that followed has been marked by a cycle of violence and resumption of peace talks between the government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front that sought to establish an independent Islamic state in Maguindanao. The fighting led to several periods of mass population displacement at the very latest even until the term of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo displacing another 150,000 individuals mostly of Moro & Lumad communities Between 2000 and 2010, four out of ten households (41%) reported having experienced displacement: 29% reported displacement caused by armed groups’ movements, 9% identified ridos (blood feuds), and 9% identified other causes, such as economic displacement (3%) or natural disasters (2%). Armed groups’ movements were by far the most frequent cause of displacement and also the most damageable. Some provinces were more affected than others, mostly of the Moro as they are the most active in resistance to what they perceived to be an extension of Spanish colonialism now perpetuated by the hands of the Philippine Government. Areas that suffered most damage and displacement are Maguindanao (82%), Lanao del Norte (48%) and Lanao del Sur (47%). Other forms of violence have also been prevalent. For example, in Maguindanao, 45% of the total population reported the destruction of their home. Other forms of violence reported in that province include the destruction of goods (37%), being attacked by someone with a weapon (20%), witness looting (32%), and witness killing (16%).〔 (Pdf. )〕 A number of livelihood intervention projects, from organisations such as USAID and the Emergency Livelihood Assistance Program (ELAP), have been beneficial in the reconstruction of Mindanao. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mindanao」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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